How Forests Provide Benefit to People

Forests are an important part of our planet. Forests provide us goods like timber, food, animals as food, medicine as well as ecological services such as watershed for water storage, erosion prevention, and removal of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

But do people really understand fully well how valuable the forests are? Chances are that many people do not fully understand how much this resource is really worth. This is the reason why people tend to disregard the forests and favor its conversion into something else that they think will benefit them. The benefit that people may have gained from converting forests into subdivisions, stripping it to extract the minerals, cutting down the trees in favor of golf courses or airports, among others appear to be greater than keeping the forests intact.

In reality, destroying the forest for other uses may be a great blunder for many planners and decision makers. The costs and benefits of forest conversion may not have been fully studied and accounted for. How then should forest value be determined? There is a way to do it. The article "How to Determine Forest Value" explains how. Forests are worth trillions of dollars and even more. Read and find out how forests could be worth this high.

Consequences of the Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico

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The on-going oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico caused so much uproar from many Americans because of the danger it poses to the beaches and wildlife inhabiting the wetlands along the gulf. The progress to prevent the oil spill from spreading appears to be slow. Despite the capping attempts of the oil spill using robots as well as forcing mud-like liquids through the leak, oil deep under the sea keeps on gushing out. Thousands of barrels of oil are lost in the sea threatening to bring oil price up.

Stopping the oil leak and cleaning off the oil spill is by far one of the most challenging jobs that many Americans are now preoccupied. Thousands of workers were employed to help clean up the mess that oil can do to the beaches, wildlife, and sea surface. The leak somehow has given unexpected jobs and added income to those involved in the clean up operations. To understand how benefits can arise from such a harmful incident, the article Positive and Negative Externalities of the Gulf Oil Spill explains how this could be possible. Crisis like this can become a window of opportunity for others.

The Endemic Scaly Anteater of Palawan: An Endangered Species?

Photo by Alejandro Bernardo, Jr.

Endemic animals in the province of Palawan in the Philippines are gradually being overtaken by the economic activities of man. Although many of the animals are meant to be consumed by people, their continued availability in the future appears to be threatened.

Among these mammals, the Palawan pangolin or scaly anteater (Manis culionensis), is in grave danger of being wiped out from their range because of the demand, not only for their exotic meat but also people's belief that it is an aphrodisiac. It is a pity that these animals are captured by burning their habitat. This animal capture practice has been used by hunters of the wild pig decades ago that led to the deforestation of much of the Visayan areas in the Philippine archipelago.

Why is the pangolin better left in the wild and why should it be conserved? The scaly anteater has a major role to play in the ecosystem where it thrives. The scaly anteater works like a natural pest control agent, preventing the proliferation of ants and termites.

More about interesting details of how this wonderful mammal looks and its ecological role can be found in Facts About the Endemic Palawan Pangolin or Scaly Anteater.

Self-Mobilization: Highest Level of People Participation

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People participation in any environmental project can spell its boom or doom. The cooperation of everyone is a very important ingredient to keep things moving, and achieve the purpose which the organization pursues and where the ideals of the organization are founded.

Participation of people range from being passive receivers of environmental information and initiatives to its highest form, i. e., self-mobilization. Self-mobilization is the ability of an organization to work without external forces prodding them, like a government regulation seeking compliance to certain rules.

The case of a marine area protected by a group of boat operators and fishers in Honda Bay, Puerto Princesa in the Philippines is a good example of how inner convictions among the members of an organization can achieve results. The main purpose of protection is to be able to extract economic use from the tourism value of a small reef, unwittingly discovered by a fisher in a well-traveled route in the bay.

More of this story here.

An Enchanted Forest of Balite Trees

I always emphasize in my environmental science classes that the state of the environment is a result of how people regard nature. In other words, if somebody believes that nature is there to be exploited and is viewed as an infinite source of raw materials, his behavior will be to make full use of the resource without regard for the future. Trees, when cut may be renewable, but the extent of damage may not allow a forest to revert back to its original state.

In the Philippines, many of the old folks believe that the balite or banyan tree (Ficus benghalensis) is a favorite forest home for the enchanted. Its small leaves, twisted, and complex root system gives an eerie feeling. It's like a large bonsai growing in the forest. There were times when some people see enchanted lights in the forest and many saw them moving. And some saw half horse, half human creatures trailing behind them while walking near those trees.

These are the reasons why local members of the community in the rural areas would not dare topple the balite tree down for fear that supernatural beings living in it will get angry and punish them with some kind of unexplained illness. This belief was further reinforced when many of those who did cut the tree experienced some kind of unexplained malady.

To prevent harm, the babaylan or local psychics would advise those who pass by those trees to utter some words, in effect asking permission to walk through it. It is believed that people who prowl those forests may bump into an enchanted being unknowingly and earn its ire. Thus, the balite trees were left untouched in the forests.

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My graduate professor once remarked that it may be desirable to plant balite trees in the deforested areas of the country, as people believe it is enchanted and will not dare cut it down. It will be a good strategy to preserve the forests to maintain a desirable landscape.

Beside its ecological functions like preventing erosion as part of the forest, banyan is extensively used in creating bonsai. There may be other uses aside from this. Preserving the balite tree can provide future options for undiscovered qualities.

This idea may also hold true in the case of that island whose surrounding reefs were protected because of a fisher's snake encounter in that island. More of this story in my article titled "Marangas: An Enchanted Island".

Crocodiles Without Tails Are Aggressive?

Talking about crocodiles, there was that legend that says a crocodile named "Putol" was notoriously ferocious. Putol is a local term that means that its tail was severed. It may be aggressive because it encountered someone in the past and got its tail cut off. So, the story goes that the crocodile attacks humans because of this. It's some kind of vendetta. Does this mean that crocodiles without tails are aggressive? I don't think so.

I was reminded of this story when I noticed my photographs of crocodile offspring with this condition several years back. The tails of these crocodiles did not develop during incubation. When they broke out from their thick eggshell, all of them have no tails.


The mother of this group of hatchlings was once reared near a plantation somewhere in Mindanao. The veterinarians pointed out that somehow, pesticides in the chemicals sprayed on the growing crops adjacent to the crocodile's pen contaminated the food of the mother crocodile. Feeding on the contaminated food, the mother crocodile ingested the harmful ingredients of the pesticide. These crocodiles were victims of pesticide residues that prevented the growth of their tails.

Crocodiles: Misunderstood Man-eating Animals

A badly beaten and tightly restrained crocodile in a remote barangay south of Palawan.

Crocodiles are treated with scorn by many as these animals have a reputation of eating humans. But are these man-eating reptiles worthy to be treated with fear and hostility?

The most notable man-eating crocodile is the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus). These animals can even travel via the sea. There was a report that even SCUBA divers encountered them underwater.

How well do we know these animals? I happened to engage in research about these awesome reptiles that didn't change much in it general bodily features for more than 200 million years. And I came to understand the important role they play in the environment and got rid of many of my misconceptions.

I wrote a detailed description of the important role these highly resilient animals play in my post titled "Dangerous Saltwater Crocodiles".

Although crocodiles play a very important ecological role, contact with these man-eating animals should be limited as much as possible. While many of them are not man-eating, at least two of them are. These two species are described in Man-eating Crocodiles: Dangerous Reptiles That Survived the Age of the Dinosaurs. A veterinarian working in the zoo was victimized by a nile crocodile. Luckily, high tech medical technology made possible the reattachment of his lost arm.